Introduction
Male infertility is defined as the inability to achieve conception due to male-related factors after a period of regular unprotected intercourse. It accounts for approximately 40–50% of infertility cases globally, making it a significant medical and social issue. Andrology provides the scientific and clinical framework necessary to evaluate and manage male infertility effectively.
Causes of Male Infertility
The causes of male infertility are diverse and multifactorial. They include impaired sperm production, hormonal abnormalities, varicocele, genetic disorders, infections, and obstruction of the reproductive tract. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, stress, and exposure to environmental toxins also contribute significantly.
Diagnostic Approach
Andrological evaluation begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination, followed by semen analysis as the cornerstone of diagnosis. Additional investigations may include hormonal profiling, erotic activity, genetic testing, scrotal ultrasound, and specialized sperm function tests.
Treatment and Management
Treatment strategies depend on the underlying cause. Medical therapy, surgical intervention, lifestyle modification, and assisted reproductive technologies such as IVF and ICSI are commonly used. Andrology emphasizes individualized treatment to maximize reproductive success.
Conclusion
Male infertility is a complex condition that requires comprehensive evaluation and targeted treatment. Advances in andrology have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes for affected individuals and couples.